Radiation Pattern Correction of Faulty Planar Phased Array using Genetic Algorithm
Main Article Content
Abstract
The probability of antenna array failure or malfunctioning cannot be ruled out, and hardware replacement of faulty elements is not always a viable solution. Therefore, academic and industrial interest in self-healing phased arrays are on the rise. In this work, the phase-only genetic algorithm (GA) optimization flow for the radiation pattern correction of a 4 × 4 phase faulty planar antenna array is proposed. Initially, a reference array pattern at the desired scan angle is generated. Then random phase faults are introduced across the 1 × 4 antenna elements in any one of 4 sub-arrays to produce maximum distortion in the reference radiation pattern of 4 × 4 planar array. The proposed GA re-computes the new excitation weights for the remaining non-faulty 3 sub-arrays to correct the overall radiation pattern of 4 × 4 array. This is achieved by calculating the array output power for reference and GA computed weights. The GA corrected patterns fairly follow the desired array patterns in terms of peak gain and reducing sidelobe levels for the desired scan angle. The efficiency of the optimized radiation patterns was evaluated in full-wave HFSS model and measurements validation. In this way, maintenance cost can be reduced with recovery of acceptable level of radiation pattern using software instead of physically replacing faulty antenna elements in the array.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
O. P. Acharya, and A. Patnaik, "Antenna array failure correction," IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 106-115, Dec. 2017. DOI: 10.1109/MAP.2017.2752683.
Y-S Chen, and I-L Tsai, "Detection and correction of element failures using a cumulative sum scheme for active phased arrays," IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 8797-8809, Feb. 2018. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2803791.
S. Kim, H-J. Dong, J-W. Yu, and H. L. Lee, "Phased array calibration system with high accuracy and low complexity," Alex. Eng. J., vol. 69, pp. 759-770, April 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.aej.2023.02.026.
J. A. Rodriguez-Gonzalez et al., "Rapid method for finding faulty elements in antenna arrays using far field pattern samples," in 3rd EuCAP, Berlin, Germany, 2009, pp. 1-5, DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2009.2019915.
S. C. Liu, "A fault correction technique for phased array antennas," in IEEE AP-S International Symposium (Digest), Chicago, IL, USA, 1992, pp. 1-4, DOI: 10.1109/APS.1992.221727.
S. U. Khan et al., "Correction of faulty sensors in phased array radars using symmetrical sensor failure technique and cultural algorithm with differential evolution," The Sci. World J., vol. 2014, pp. 1-10, Jan. 2014. DOI: 10.1155/2014/852539.
Y. Yang et al., "A novel channel amplitude and phase correction algorithm based on phased array space-based TT&C communication," in 4th International CMAEE, Beijing, China, 2020, pp. 1-6, DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1626/1/012026.
P. Rocca and R. L. Haupt, "Biologically inspired optimization of antenna arrays," The ACES Journal, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 1047-1059, 2014.
O. P. Acharya, A. Patnaik and B. Choudhury, "A PSO application for locating defective elements in antenna arrays," in World Congress on NaBIC, Coimbatore, India, 2009, pp. 1094-1098, DOI: 10.1109/NABIC.2009.5393809.
J. A. Rodriguez-Gonzalez et al., "Finding defective elements in planar arrays using genetic algorithms," PIERS, vol. 29, pp. 25-37, 2000. DOI: 10.2528/PIER00011401.
B-K Yeo and Y. Lu, "Array failure correction with a genetic algorithm," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 823-828, May 1999. DOI: 10.1109/8.774136.
N. Boopalan, A. K. Ramasamy, F. Nagi, and A. A. Alkahtani, "Planar array failed element(s) radiation pattern correction: a comparison," Appl. Sci, vol. 11, pp. 1-19, Oct. 2021. DOI: 10.3390/app11199234.
F. J. Ares-Pena, J. A. Rodriguez-Gonzalez, E. Villanueva-Lopez, S. R. Rengarajan, "Genetic algorithms in the design and optimization of antenna array patterns," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 506-510, Mar. 1999 DOI: 10.1109/8.768786.
D. Marcano and F. Duran, "Synthesis of antenna arrays using genetic algorithms," IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 12-20, June 2000. DOI: 10.1109/74.848944.
Y. Wang, S. Gao, H. Yu, and Z. Tang, "Synthesis of antenna array by complex-valued genetic algorithm," IJCSNS, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 91-96,Jan.2011.URL: http://paper.ijcsns.org/07_book/201101/20110113.pdf
Y. Fan, Y., R. In, and B. Liu, "Synthesis of antenna arrays using a modified complex number coded genetic algorithm," in IEEE AP-S Symposium. Monterey, CA, USA, 2004, pp. 1-4. DOI: 10.1109/APS.2004.1331923.
R. L. Haupt, "Adaptive antenna arrays using a genetic algorithm," IEEE Mountain Workshop on Adaptive and Learning Systems, The Logan, UT, USA, 2006, pp. 1-6, DOI: 10.1109/SMCALS.2006.250724.
R. L. Haupt, "Genetic algorithm applications for phased arrays," The ACES Journal, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 325-336, Nov. 2006.
S. H. Son, S. Y. Eom, S. I. Jeon, and W. Hwang, "Automatic phase correction of phased array antennas by a genetic algorithm," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 2751-2754, Aug. 2008. DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2008.927575.
R. L. Haupt, Antenna Arrays: A Computational Approach. Wiley-IEEE Press, 2010, pp. 552. ISBN: 978-0-470-93743-3.
R. L. Haupt, and S. E. Haupt, Practical Genetic Algorithms. 2nd ed. Wiley-Interscience, 2004, pp. 288. ISBN: 978-0-471-45565-3.
R. L. Haupt, and D. H. Werner, Genetic Algorithms in Electromagnetics. Wiley-IEEE Press, 2007, pp. 320. ISBN: 978-0-471-48889-7.
J. Tahir and A. I. Najam, "Design of 4×4 antenna array for actively electronic scanned array (AESA) radars," in 15th IBCAST, Islamabad, Pakistan, 2018, pp. 853-857, DOI: 10.1109/IBCAST.2018.8312325.
Analog Devices, Inc (ADITM). EVAL-ADAR1000 (Evaluation Board)). [Online] Cited 2024-04-29. Available at: https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/user-guides/ADAR1000-EVALZ-UG-1283.pdf
COMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Campus. Anechoic Chamber. [Online] Cited 2024-04-29. Available at: https://www.cuiatd.edu.pk/electrical-computer-engineering/research-project-cba/signal-absorber-installation/
Diamond Engineering. Antenna measurement system. [Online] Cited 2024-04-29. Available at: http://www.diamondeng.net/PDF/DAMS_5000.pdf
Youtube. [Online] Cited 2024-04-29. Available at: https://youtu.be/3eEuH0tYq2s
P. Smith, C. Furse, and J. Gunther, "Analysis of spread spectrum time domain reflectometry for wire fault location," IEEE Sensors, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1469-1478, Nov. 2005. DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2005.858964.
S. Zhu, C. Han, Y. Meng, J. Xu, and T. An, "Embryonics based phased array antenna structure with self-repair ability," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 209660-209673, Nov. 2020. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3038857.
C. Valagiannopoulos, and V. Kovanis, "Engineering the emission of laser arrays to nullify the jamming from passive obstacles," Photonics Research, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. A43-A50, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.6.000A43.
Y-X. Zhang, Y-C. Jiao, and L. Zhang, "Antenna array directivity maximization with sidelobe level constraints using convex optimization," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 2041-2052, Apr. 2021. DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2020.3026886.
C. Valagiannopoulos, T. A. Tsiftsis, and V. Kovanis, "Metasurface-enabled interference mitigation in visible light communication architectures," Journal of Optics, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 1-11, Oct. 2019. DOI: 10.1088/2040-8986/ab4c08.
P. Alitalo, C. Valagiannopoulos, and S. A. Tretyakov, "Simple cloak for antenna blockage reduction," 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (APSURSI), Spokane, WA, USA, 2011, pp. 669-672. DOI: 10.1109/APS.2011.5996800.